The arrival of the Spaniards in America
Indice
17There were no policies that encouraged emigration to America, except for the experiments of colonization of sparsely populated frontier areas with peasant families recruited for this purpose. The founding of colonies with peasant families was developed in the course of the 18th century as part of the imperial policies of defense and increased effective control of sparsely populated territories at risk of falling into the hands of rival powers. It was believed that a stable, numerous population, dedicated to agricultural work, would contribute to economic growth and the defense of imperial interests against foreign threats.
18 Apart from these limited experiments in colonization, those who wished to emigrate to the Indies in the eighteenth century had to face legislation that made emigration to the Americas extremely difficult and the high cost of a passage that was extremely expensive, especially for people from the lower classes. Although these restrictions were not effective in curbing emigration, they did give it a particular quality, since most 18th century immigrants had to deploy strategies that allowed them to emigrate by circumventing existing regulations and the payment of a passage in order to embark. Traveling as a stowaway, as a sailor and deserting upon arrival, traveling as a servant or not complying with the required promise to return after a stipulated period of time were some of the most common practices.
How Europeans arrived in the Americas
ANDREO GARCÍA, Juan and PROVENCIO GARRIGÓS, Lucía. Passengers to America: contribution to the study of emigration from the Kingdom of Murcia during the 16th century. Annals of Contemporary History. 1991, n. 8, pp. 97-130.
ARROYO RUIZ, Lara. Networks of influence: privileged relationships in colonial trade at the end of the 18th century: the Marticorena family and their epistolary correspondence. New World, New Worlds. 2007, n. 7.
AZCONA PASTOR, José Manuel (ed.). Identity and structure of Basque and Navarrese emigration to Latin America (XVI-XXI): Social networks and socioeconomic development. Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, 2015.
BARRIENTOS MÁRQUEZ, María del Mar. Gaditanos en las Antillas: un acercamiento a su realidad socioeconómica a través de los expedientes de Bienes de Difuntos durante el Siglo XVII. Cádiz: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz, 2000.
CASTILLO GÓMEZ, Antonio and SIERRA BLAS, Verónica (dirs.). Cartas-Lettres-Lettere: discursos, prácticas y representaciones epistolares (siglos XIV-XX). Universidad de Alcalá: Servicio de Publicaciones, 2014.
In what year was America discovered?
The discovery of America was a turning point in history. European kingdoms launched their fleets of ships to explore the seas and oceans to find new routes to the New World, either westward to America or southeastward to the Far East.
For centuries, European traders had sailed overland to the Far East, east of Asia, in expeditions such as those of Marco Polo in the 13th century. The spices, fabrics and precious stones that came from there were highly valued in Europe.
October 12, 1492
The remaining theories of pre-Columbian contacts are highly speculative, and lack scientific consensus.[29][30] There has been speculation about a possible African origin of the Olmec people,[31][32] a hypothesis of racist origin[33][34] based on the supposed “negroid” features of some Olmec sculptures,[33] and later embraced by certain Afrocentrist currents. [35] Genetic evidence has shown that Olmec populations are not related to African populations,[36] and the supposed anthropological evidence has been described as based on “superficial judgments and erroneous conclusions. “[37] There has also been speculation of pre-Columbian contacts by Chinese,[38][39] Japanese,[40][41] Indian,[42] Phoenician,[43] Egyptian,[44] Roman,[45] Celtic,[46] Jewish,[47] Arab [48][49] navigators or explorers,[50] and African travelers from the Mali empire. None of these hypotheses has a scientific consensus, and they are usually considered as pseudo-archaeology and pseudo-history.[29][30]