French colonization summary
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Admiral Brion de Chabot (1492-1543) chose this experienced Breton navigator, who had been in Brazil in 1527, to resume the neglected expeditions and search for the northwest passage to the East Indies.
In 1534 Cartier received from Francis I the mission to find the new northwest trade route. He reached the Gulf of St. Lawrence, through the Strait of Belle Isle and, after exploring the western coasts of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, he landed at Gaspé and claimed the territory for France. He returned with some furs and located no arable land. In 1535 he traveled again to North America, discovering the St. Lawrence River. He was attracted by stories he had heard of the great quantities of gold and precious stones he could find in the kingdom of Saguenay, and proceeded upriver to Hochelaga (Montreal), then returning to Stadacona [Stadaconé] (Quebec), where he spent the winter. The Huronese or Iroquois called Canada (the city) the place where Quebec is today. There he built a fort and explored the waterfalls near Montreal. Many of his men died of scurvy before he returned to France. He was met by another navigator, Jean François de La Roche de Roberval (1500-1561), who did not arrive until the following spring, when Cartier, for lack of resources, was about to abandon the colony. The colony did not prosper amidst disagreements between the two.
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On May 17, 1673, explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette of New France began exploring the Mississippi River, which they knew by the name Sioux ne tongo, “the great river,” or even the Miami-Illinois Missisipioui, of the same meaning. They went as far as the mouth of the Arkansas, then turned back upstream, after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not into the California Sea (Pacific Ocean).
In 1698, Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area at the mouth of the Mississippi. He stopped between Isle-aux-Chats (now Cat Island) and Isle de Surgeres (renamed Isle-aux-Vaisseaux, now Ship Island) on February 13, 1699, then continued his explorations to the mainland, to Biloxi, with his brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. There he built a precarious fort, called “Maurepas” (later “Vieux Biloxi”), before returning to France. He returned twice to the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702.
How was the French colonization of the Americas
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